The structure of a small vertical lathe usually includes the following parts:

1. Lathe bed (bed frame): The small vertical lathe is the support structure of the entire lathe. It is usually made of cast iron or steel and has sufficient rigidity and stability. Guide rails are usually fixed on the bed to support and guide the movement of the workpiece.

2. Spindle box: The spindle box of a small vertical lathe is located in the center of the lathe and contains components such as the spindle, spindle drive system, and spindle bearings. The design of the spindle box directly affects the machining accuracy and stability of the lathe.

3. Spindle: The spindle of a small vertical lathe is one of the most important components of a lathe and is responsible for rotating the cutting tool to process the workpiece. Usually made of high-strength alloy steel, it has high rigidity and wear resistance.

4. Spindle drive system: The spindle drive system of small vertical lathes includes components such as motors, gearboxes, or frequency converters, which are used to drive the spindle to rotate. Different models of small vertical lathes use different spindle drive methods, such as belt drive, gear drive or direct drive.

5. Workbench (workbench slide): The small vertical lathe workbench is a platform for placing workpieces. It usually consists of a workbench body and a workbench slide. The small vertical lathe worktable slide can move forward and backward along the guide rails on the bed and is controlled by a handle or CNC system.

6. Traverse slide plate (traverse slide seat): The traverse slide plate of a small vertical lathe is located above the spindle box and is used to install cutting tools and move laterally to facilitate processing of different parts of the workpiece.

7. Longitudinal slide plate (longitudinal seat): The longitudinal slide plate of a small vertical lathe is located above the traverse slide plate. It is used to support and move the traverse slide plate to achieve longitudinal movement and adjust the position of the cutting tool.

8. Feed system: The feed system of a small vertical lathe includes components such as a feed motor, a transmission device, and a feed mechanism, which are used to control the feed movement of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece. The design of the feed system of a small vertical lathe affects the machining accuracy and efficiency of the lathe.

9. Control system: The small vertical lathe control system can adopt manual control, CNC control or automatic control according to the different types and performance requirements of the lathe. CNC vertical lathes are usually equipped with a CNC system, which can control the processing process through programs to improve production efficiency and processing accuracy.

10. Lubrication system: The small vertical lathe lubrication system is responsible for providing lubricating oil to various parts of the lathe to reduce friction and wear and ensure the normal operation of the lathe. The lubrication system of small vertical lathes usually includes components such as lubricating oil tanks, lubrication pumps, lubrication pipelines and lubrication points.

The above is the basic structure of a small vertical lathe. The specific configuration and functions will vary according to the lathe model, brand and application field.